www.TopwayEnglish.com第一篇高频语法与难句归纳第一章非谓语动词结构第一节常见考点突破一、非谓语动词的慨念不能作谓语的动词形式就是非谓语动词，主要有以下三大类：分词、不定式和动名词。非谓语动词可以充当多种成分，如：主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等。下面我们将从句法功能入手来分析这三大类非谓语动词。二、非谓语动词的三大类型1.分词分词有两类，即现在分词和过去分词。从意义上来说，现在分词主要表示主动或进行状态；过去分词则体现被动或完成状态。分词在句中可作多种成分：①分词作定语。例如：Trucks and buses were driven on gas carried in large bags on the roof..(在该句中，gas后紧跟一个过去分词结构作其后置定语，表示一种被动状态，说明gs是被如何运输的。）The girl standing there was crying.(在该句中，standing there作The girl的后置定语，且使用现在分词形式表主动。)②分词作状语。例如：He glanced over at her,noting that though she was tiny,.she seemed very well put together..(在该句中，逗号后紧跟一个noting引导的分词结构，作glanced over at her的伴随状语，表示同时进行的动作。)He fired,killing one of the passers-by.(在该句中，killing.引导一个现在分词结构，作ired的结果状语。）Being tired with the work,he sat down to rest.(在该句中，分词结构Being tired with the work作原因状语，提前说明后续动作的原因。)2.不定式不定式由“和+动词原形”构成，具有动词的特征，同时也有名词、形容词和副词的特征，具体属于哪个特征应视所处语境而定。①不定式作目的状语。例如：He sent his daughter to America to learn Englis动.（在该句中，不定式to learn English作状语，说明去美国的目的。)②不定式作宾语补足语。例如：We believe him to be guilry.(在该句中，不定式to be guilty作im的宾语补足语。）③不定式作后置定语。例如：The topic to be discussed at the meeting is still unknown.(在该句中，不定式to be discussed作topic的后置定语。)④不定式作主语。例如：To know oneself is difficult.(在该句中，不定式To know oneself作句子的主语。）⑤不定式作表语。例如：ly work is to clean the room every day..(该句为“主语+系动词+表语"结构，不定式to clean the room作表语。)3.动名词动名词在形式上与现在分词相同，都是在动词原形的词末加-，但其表达的动作意义不如现在分词强，因为动名词已经将动作名词化了，从某种意义上说，动名词就相当于名词、代词了。①动名词作主语。例如：It's necessary to be prepared for a job interview;having the answers ready will be of great help.中，动名词结构having the answers ready充当后一分句的主语。）②动名词作表语。例如：Her job was washing clothes..(该句为主系表句型，washing clothes是动名词结构，用作表语。)③动名词作宾语。例如：1www.TopwayEnglish.comI avoid telling Jane the truth because I knew she would be angry.(动名词结构telling Jane the truth在句中充当avoid的宾语，说明avoid的内容。)④动名词作定语。例如：A sleeping car(表示“卧铺车”，sleeping表示cr的功能；sleeping是动名词作定语。)试区分：A sleeping dog(表示“睡觉的狗”，sleeping是dog的动作：sleeping是现在分词作定语。)第二节真题难句荟萃分词1.Primary care physicians who refuse to compromise quality are either driven out of business or to cash-onlypractices,further contributing to the decline of primary care.(09.12 Passage 2)结构分析主干：…physicians..are either driven out of business or to(cash-only)practices..…①either.…or并列连接两个介词词组out of business和to cash-only practices,接在driven之后。②句子主语physicians有前置定语primary care和who引导的定语从句修饰。句末的现在分词短语contributing.作状语，表示伴随are driven.而来的结果。译文不愿降低服务质量的初级护理医生要么被迫停业，要么提供只散现金的服务，这进一步加刷了初级护理服务的下滑。2.Utimately we must get a handle on those issues as well,or a creature that outlived the dinosaurs will meetits end at the hands of humans,leaving our descendants to wonder how a creature so ugly could have won somuch affection.(09.6 Passage 1)结构分析主干：…we must get a handle(on)or a creature.will meet its end..①本句是由or连接的并列句，or表示“否则，要不然”。②前一分句中，get a handle on表示“开始理解或了解”：后一分句中，主语a creature后有一个hat引导的定语从句修饰，outlive“比…更长寿”，现在分词短语leaving作状语，表示谓语“meet its end(玩完)”所造成的后果。leave..to.中的不定式to wonder作ourdescendants的补语，wonder后接了一个how引导的宾语从句。译文最终我们也一定要解决这个问题，否则这些比恐龙幸存时间还长的生物就将在人类的手上灭绝，到时我们的后代可能会好奇，为什么如此丑陋的生物居然能够疾得那么多的关爱。3.With the dollar slumping to a 26-year low against the pound,already-expensive London has become quiteunaffordable.(08.6 Passage 1)结构分析主干：.London has become(quite)unaffordable.这是个简单句，句首的“wih+宾语(the dollar)+宾补(slumping to..)”作状语，表示原因。“美元兑英镑跌到了26年来的最低点。”译文随着美元兑换英镑跌至26年来的最低，原本已经很昂贵的伦敦变得让人去不起了。4.We see our kids'college background as a prize demonstrating how well we've raised them.(08.6 Passage 2)谓语部分用了s…s.…的句型，表示“把…看做…”，as引导的介词短语作宾语补足语。现在分词短语demonstrating作后置定语修饰a prize,how引导的从句作demonstrating的宾语。译文我们把子女的大学教育背景当成是证明我们如何成功养育子女的奖品。5.As someone paid to serve food to people,I had customers say and do things to me I suspect they'd neversay or do to their most casual acquaintances.(07.12 Passage 1)结构分析主干：.I had customers say and do…①句首的as是介词，其宾语someone后有一个过去分词短语paid to..修饰，一起表示“作为一个别人付款请我给他们上菜的人”，其实就是“作为一个服务员”，在句中作状语。②谓语部分用了have…do的句型，表示“请/让某人做某事”，省路to的不定式say and do在句中作宾语customers的补语：I suspect they'd.是省路关系词的定语从句，修饰things。该定语从句本身是个“I suspect+-宾语从句"的结构。译文作为一个拿别人的钱、待侯别人吃饭的人，有些顾客对我说过一些话、做过一些事一我想，哪怕是对最随便的熟人，他们也都不会说出这样的话、做出这样的事的。●6.One night a man talking on his cell phone waved me away,then beckoned me back with his finger aminute later,complaining he was ready to order and asking where I'd been.(07.12 Passage 1)2www.TopwayEnglish.com结构分析主千：.aman.waved me away,then beckoned me back…①句中，由hen连接两个谓语动词(waved和beckoned)构成复合谓语。主语aman后有一个现在分词短语talking.作定语。②第二个谓语动词beckoned带有三个状语，一个是表示工具的with引导的介词短语，另两个是个是表示伴随状况的现在分词短语complaining和asking.,而且这两个现在分词都有自己的宾语从句。译文一天晚上，一个顾客用手机通话时，挥手让我走开，一分钟后又用手指示意我回来，并抱怨说他已经准备好点莱了，问我刚才上那儿去了。7.One might well imagine little girls using exceedingly polite forms when playing house or imitating olderwomen-in a fashion analogous to little girls'use of a high-pitched voice to do "teacher talk"or "mother talk"in role play.(07.6 Passage 2)结构分析主千：One might(welD）imagine little girls(using.)①本句是个简单句，用了“imagine+补语（人）+doing”的句型，句中的using...forms作宾语little girls的补语。②现在分词playing和imitating由or并列连接，前面带了连词when,相当于省略形式的时间状语从句，两个分词作using的状语；破折号后的介词短语是using的方式状语，analogous to.…是形容词短语作后置定语，修饰fashion。译文完全可以想象一下小姑娘在玩过家家或模仿年长女性时使用非常礼貌的数语的情况一类似于小姑娘尖声尖气扮演老师或者妈妈说话的腔调。8.As a visiting professor at the Harvard Business School in 1989,he ended his work there disgusted with hisstudents'overwhelming lust for money.(06.12 Passage 2)结构分析主干：he ended his work…句首的介词短语as作状语，表示身份，visiting professor即“客座教授”。句末的disgusted with(对.深恶痛绝)是过去分词短语，作状语，可表示伴随情形。overwhelming lust for money“对金钱的强烈欲望”。译文他于199年在哈佛商学院担任客座教授，后来由于厌恶自己的学生对金线的狂热贪欲而终止了那里的工作。9.Meanwhile,most children are vulnerable to the enormous influence exerted by grandchildless parents aimingto persuade their kids to produce children.(06.1 Passage 1)结构分析主干：.most children are vulnerable(to.)本句是个简单句，谓语部分用了be vulnerable to.…短语，to是介词，后接名词influence作宾语。exerted是过去分词，作influence的后置定语；aiming是现在分词，作parents的后置定语。exert influence“施加影响”。译文同时，在他们父母的巨大影响下，绝大部分的子女很客易被说服生育孩子。10.This isn't the stuff of gloomy philosophical contemplations,but a fact of Europe's new economic landscape,embraced by sociologists.real-estate developers and ad executives alike.(05.6 Passage 1)结构分析主千：This isn't the stuff.,but a fact.…ot.but连接两个并列的名词词组，在句中作表语。两个词组都有相应的修饰成分，修饰sur的是of介词短语：修饰fact的既有of介词短语，还有过去分词短语embraced....译文这并不是悲观的哲学沉思的东西，而是社会学家、房地产开发商和广告主管都欣然接受的欧别新的经济现象中的一个事实。不定式11.Remove the pressure for primary care physicians to squeeze in more patients per hour,and reward them foroptimally managing their diseases and practicing evidence-based medicine.(09.12 Passage 2)结构分析主干：Remove the pressure.…and reward them for..①本句由and并列连接的两个祈使句构成。②前一个祈使句中，不定式短语to squeeze…(往每个小时的时间里塞更多的病人)作定语，修饰the pressure,该不定式的逻辑主语由or引导。后一个祈使句中，介词for表示原因，后面接了两个动名词短语managing.和practicing.…。译文要解除初级护理医生在单位时间内多看病人的压力，并对那些能很好控制疾病和实践循证医疗的医生给予嘉奖。12.But economists say families about to go into debt to fund four years of partying.as well as studying.canconsole themselves with the knowledge that college is an investment that,unlike many bank stocks.should yieldhuge dividends.(09.6 Passage 2)结构分析主千：.economists say(families.…can console themselves with)①say后面的内容都是say的宾语。该宾语从句的主语是miis,其后有一个不定式短语ogo…修饰：不定式